Anatomy Exam 2 (2019) Published on August 30, 2020 by ehudspeth Anatomy Exam 2 (2019) A patient comes in saying they can’t feel their hand. Due to a language barrier, they cannot articulate where their hand is numb. Upon physical examination, you note that they are able to grasp a paper between their first and second distal phalange but not between their third and fourth phalange. Which nerve are you concerned with? Median Nerve Radial Nerve Ulnar Nerve Recurrent branch of the medial nerve Deep branch of the ulnar nerve An inability to feel the skin on the dorsal surface of the base of the thumb would result from which of the following? Damage to the deep ulnar nerve Damage to the radial nerve Damage to the recurrent branch of the median nerve Damage to the median nerve Damage to the ulnar nerve During the first day of anatomy dissection, Dr. Throckmorton cut the tip of his finger requiring stitches. Which of the following explains why it bled like the dickens? There are lots of recurrent arteries in the hand He nicked his superficial palmar arch He nicked his deep palmar arch The capillary beds have more blood in them There are more proprioceptors in the fingertips An inability to abduct the thumb would result from which of the following? Damage to the deep ulnar nerve Damage to the superficial branch of the radial nerve Damage to the recurrent branch of the median nerve Damage to the median nerve Damage to the ulnar nerve Which of the following is a cause of clubbed nails? COPD Leprosy Cystic fibrosis Kidney failure Type II diabetes A T1 weighted MRI shows the following issue. Which of the following actions would they not be able to do? Extend their pinky Adduct their wrist Extend their index finger Supinate their wrist Extend their thumb A patient presents to the ED after a game of intramural flag football and is unable to extend their DIP joint on their right 2nd finger. During their physical exam you also notice that they have blood visible beneath their nailbed. Which of the following injuries did they most likely sustain? Extensor tendon rupture Avulsion injury of the distal manual phalanx Avulsion injury of the distal pedal phalanx Dislocation Sesamoid formation While performing a physical exam on your patient you notice what appears to be a bruise under the patient’s nail. The patient doesn’t remember any trauma that occurred to the phalange. You decide to trephinate it. It bleeds, but does not clear. This is most likely which of the following? Indication of subungual hematoma Indication of subungual melanoma Indication of kidney problems Indication of liver disease Indication of heavy metal poisoning Delilah just found out she’s pregnant. She has struggled with migraines since college and was put on Depakote, a valproic acid derivative. Her doctor tells her that she can no longer take this medication. Which of the following is an explanation as to why? It affects the closing of the primitive streak resulting in a sacrococcygeal teratoma It causes the notochord to pinch off into three pieces essentially resulting in three non-functional spinal cords It could cause anencephaly from the neural tube not closing completely It could cause the fetus to not form an axial skeleton It could cause the fetus to form two extra arm buds in place of their leg buds Janis went into her OBGYN after getting a positive pregnancy test. Her hCG levels were elevated but a transvaginal ultrasound did not show an embryo. Upon further examination, a hydatidiform mole was discovered. How did this happen? The female pronucleus did not participate in development The male pronucleus did not participate in development More than one sperm got through the zona pellucida She has miscarried after the embryo was attached to the uterine lining The embryo did not form enough primary chorionic villi so it did not receive the proper nutrients for development Which of the following happens during week two of human development? Neural tube formation Gastrulation Hypoblast forms Amniotic cavity forms Fertilization You and a classmate know that the bladder arises from the mesodermal layer of the embryo but are arguing over which division it comes from. Which of the following is the correct origin of the bladder? Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Mesodermal cells of the parietal layer (lateral plate) Mesodermal cells of the visceral layer (lateral plate) Cardiogenic mesoderm Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) often produce an increase in respiratory mucous due to a genetic disorder and increased chloride ion pumping into the extracellular fluid. An increase in this respiratory mucous makes it difficult for which of the following structures to function properly? Microvilli Stereocilia Cilia Flagella All of the above Medications work by being able to get into the bloodstream, however many of these drugs would be lethal if they were to cross the blood-brain barrier. Which of the following junctions makes it so that these drugs cannot affect the integrity of the brain? Adherent junctions Desmosome Hemidesmosomes Tight junctions Gap Junctions Rachel comes in to your office saying that almost everything she is eating is either giving her diarrhea or making her constipated. She has lost almost 15 pounds this month without trying. A blood test confirms that she has celiac disease. Why would changing her diet help to alleviate her symptoms? The cilia in her digestive tract are unable to move the types of food that she is consuming causing damage, so changing her diet would help with repairing the cilia The microvilli were unable to absorb the foods that she was consuming, but after a week of a changed diet she should have new microvilli that has replaced the non-functioning microvilli. The microvilli in her digestive tract are unable to move the types of food that she is consuming causing damage, so changing her diet would help with repairing the microvilli The cilia were unable to absorb the foods that she was consuming, but after a week of a changed diet she should have new microvilli that has replaced the non-functioning cilia Pemphigus foliaceus is a dyshessive skin disorder caused by an autoimmune disease in which IgG autoantibodies from patients recognize desmogleins (Dsg), which are cadherin-type cell–cell adhesion molecules found in which of the following junctions? Zonula adherens Macula adherens Hemidesmosome Tight junction Gap junctions Which of the following is the least stable joint? Glenohumeral joint Sternoclavicular joint Acromioclavicular joint Humeroradial joint Proximal radioulnar joint While cheering, Kali is dropped from a stunt landing directly on her shoulder, which of the following is the MOST LIKELY injury? Tear of her glenohumeral ligament Tear of her coracohumeral ligament Fracture of her humeral diaphysis Tear of her transverse humeral ligament Dislocation of her shoulder A 12 year old male patient presents to the emergency department after following an ATV accident. Imaging confirms avulsion of the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The patient complains of paresthesia in the fifth digit and the medial half of the fourth digit. Which action of the thumb is most likely weakened or absent in this patient? Adduction Abduction Extension Flexion None of the above A patient presents to your clinic after a recent wrist injury and you notice they are able to hyper-abduct their wrist. What structures are likely to be involved in this injury? Posterior radiocarpal and anterior joint capsule Radial collateral and lateral part of joint capsule Bony apposition between styloid process of radius and scaphoid Bony apposition between radius and carpal bones Anterior radiocarpal and anterior part of joint capsule Which of the following is NOT a function of the Sartoris? Flexion at the hip Lateral Rotation of the Thigh Extension at the knee Medial Rotation of the Leg Flexion at the knee Edna was carrying in her groceries when she slipped and fell on the ice hitting the posterolateral aspect of her hip and buttocks. She is unable to rotate her toes inward with her leg straight from a standing position. Which of the following muscles is likely injured? Tensor Fasciae Latae Gluteus maximus Piriformis Pectinius Obturator externus Which of the quadriceps muscles has a primary function other than extension at the knee joint? Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis Vastus Intermedius Articularis Genu Rectus Femoris Which of the following is NOT a component of the Femoral Triangle? Sartorius Iliopsoas Inguinal Ligament Gracilis Adductor Longus Chloe suffers from chronic kidney infections usually brought about from UTIs. She usually gets Doribax, an IM-injected antibiotic, at the first sign of a UTI to prevent it from becoming a kidney infection. While at the doctor’s office, a new nurse is training and begins to prep the lower lateral quadrant of her left buttcheck when her trainer stops her. Why shouldn’t the shot be injected there? There isn’t enough subcutaneous fat in this region so it would cause unnecessary pain This region is highly vascular and would cause bleeding This drug should be given IV and not IM This region has large nerves passing through that could be punctured causing nerve damage There is too much subcutaneous fat in this area and it would not be well-absorbed. Vivian is an avid rock-climber. While rappelling down, her cable was too loose causing her to rappel down very quickly. On her rapid dissent, she was punctured in her right gluteal region with a very sharp stick which went into the thickest part of her right glute about two inches. While in the ER, she is asked to stand on her left leg and her right hip veers up. Which of the following nerves did Vivian injure? Sciatic Superior gluteal Nerve to quadratus femoris Nerve to obturator internus Inferior gluteal A patient comes into the ER and has reportedly injured his pudendal nerve. Your attending tells you that he is concerned for the injury but also other possible injuries in the roots in the Sacral Plexus. What roots might be of concern? L5-S3 L4-S4 L4-S5 L2-S2 S1-S4 Respectively, which of the following muscle-nerve pairs is INCORRECT? Gluteus Maximus, Inferior Gluteal Nerve Gluteus Medius, Superior Gluteal Nerve Gluteus Minimus, Superior Gluteal Nerve Inferior Gemelli, Nerve to Obturator internus Superior Gemelli, Nerve to Obturator internus Which of the following nerves is sensory only? Sciatic Common Fibular Tibial Sural All of the above are mixed (sensory and motor) nerves Which of the following muscles makes up a part of the floor for the popliteal fossa? Semitendinosus Biceps Femoris Plantaris Gastrocnemius Soleus A blockage is discovered in the popliteal artery just after it has passed through the adductor hiatus. Which of the following blood vessels will receive blood and then be able to bypass the blockage to allow blood flow inferior to the knee? Superior medial genicular artery Middle genicular artery Inferior lateral genicular artery Anterior tibial recurrent artery Descending genicular artery A soccer player comes into the ED with pain in her posterior thigh after injuring herself in a game earlier that night. When looking at the patients MRI T2 scan you notice a large white area where she is feeling pain. What does the large white area represent? Hematoma Edema Muscle Strain Ischial tuberosity avulsion Tumor The lining of the bronchi allows for the exchange of oxygen across the membrane through the function of epithelial cells. Which of the following is the origin of this layer? Endoderm Paraxial mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Surface ectoderm Lateral mesoderm A mother brings her baby to the clinic that you are working at. You take note of the fact that the baby displays thin lip, flat nose bridge, and a short nose. Following your observations, if the baby has fetal alcohol syndrome, what is the time period during which it was most likely exposed to ethanol? The entire first trimester Weeks 1-2 Weeks 3-8 Weeks 8-12 Ethanol would not have an impact on embryonic development Cleft lip is a common craniofacial defect in which the roof of the mouth and the lip does not fully fuse. Although it is easily identifiable appearance-wise it generally is asymptomatic. Which layer of the trilaminar disc is affected by this defect? Endoderm Head mesoderm Lateral mesoderm Neuroectoderm Intermediate mesoderm Defective enamel development can be the result of an inherited condition called amelogenesis imperfecta, or congenital enamel hypoplasia, which is estimated to affect about 1 in 14,000 people in the United States. This condition can also cause unusually small teeth and a variety of dental problems. Which layer of the trilaminar disc is affected by this defect? Endoderm Head mesoderm Lateral mesoderm Neuroectoderm Intermediate mesoderm A patient presents to the ED in severe distress after a ruptured aortic aneurysm. While rushing the patient to the OR you notice they are quite tall with very slender limbs and unusually long fingers. After looking at the patient’s chart, you’re not surprised to find out they have which of the following conditions? Hurler’s Syndrome Kniest Dysplasia Alport Syndrome Marfan Syndrome Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Studies have found that pericyte loss in adults and aging brain can lead to neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Which of the following explain the cellular basis of this? They are involved in the formation of the blood-brain barrier They are involved at the neuromuscular junctions They are involved in moving nutrients to the brain They are involved in blood circulation to the brain They are involved in the process of AChE degeneration An unlabelled slide appears as above. Given that this is connective tissue, what is its most likely function? Support Resistance to stress in one direction Resistance to stress in multiple directions Flexible support Providing oxygen and nutrients Which of the following is derived from antigen-stimulated b-lymphocytes, primary producers of circulating antibodies and has a clock face nucleus? Plasma cells Fibroblasts Pericytes Mast cells Basophils A patient present after a motorcycle accident in which they injured their medial malleolus and the contents of the tarsal tunnel. Which of the following actions would this patient have reduced capability? Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Eversion of the Foot Adduction of the 1st Toe Extension of DIP and PIP joints A patient presents with the inability to dorsiflex their foot. Which of the following nerves is most likely damaged? Tibial Anterior Tibial Common Fibular Deep Fibular Superficial Fibular Which of the following plantarflexion muscles is LEAST important in that action? Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris Tibialis Posterior Flexor Digitorum Longus A Jones Fracture of the tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal would likely damage the tendon of which muscle? Tibialis Anterior Tibialis Posterior Extensor Digitorum Brevis Fibularis Longus Fibularis Brevis Which of the following is true for both the hand and the foot? Centered around the 3rd ray axis TMT joints/CMC joints will dorsiflex/extend Dorsal Interossei are bipennate 8 tarsal/carpal bones Each digit has 3 phalanges Which of the following is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve? Flexor Digitorum Brevis Adductor Hallucis Abductor Hallucis Extensor Digitorum Brevis First Lumbrical Bethany was doing a fouetté turn when she lost her balance and fell onto the outside of her foot. She thought she had just twisted her ankle or sprained her foot, but after a week of it hurting decided to go to the clinic. Her doctor tells her that she has a Jones fracture. This means that she fractured which of the following? Calcaneus Cuboid Fifth metatarsal tuberosity Fifth distal pedal phalange Fifth intermediate pedal phalange After a pick up game of basketball over the weekend, Robert believes he has sprained his ankle. He is unable to rotate his foot in or out. Which type of sprain does he likely have? Tibiotalar Subtalar Calcaneocuboid Naviculocuneiform Talonavicular An unlabeled tissue sample slide was found as seen above. Where in the body could this have come from? Dorsum of hand Fingernail Bladder Plantar surface of foot Cornea Mutations in the gene OCA2 cause an autosomal recessive disorder that affects tyrosinase. Which of the following would you expect a patient with this mutation to present with? Excessive pigmentation Lack of melanocytes Increased risk of blindness Decreased risk of melanoma Severe skin flaking As we age, type I collagen in which layer of skin begins to break down causing skin to lose its elasticity and become wrinkled? Papillary layer of dermis Reticular layer of dermis Stratum spinosum of epidermis Stratum corneum of epidermis Stratum granulosum of epidermis Ta mako is a traditional Maori tattooing practice in which deep cuts are incised and then a chisel is dipped into pigment and tapped into cuts. This process leaves the tattoos with textured grooves instead of smooth skin seen in traditional tattooing. In which layer does this pigment reside? Subcutaneous Papillary dermis Reticular dermis Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Morphea is a form of localized scleroderma where waxy patches of varying sizes appear on the skin with thickened skin below. The skin in these areas are not able to feel a bug land on them. Which of the following mechanoreceptors is affected in morphea? Meissner Corpuscles Pacinian Corpuscles Krause end bulbs Ruffini Corpuscles Lamellated Corpuscles Which of the following is a difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands? Eccrine are found in the armpits and genitalia whereas apocrine is found all over the body Eccrine are simple cuboidal whereas apocrine are stratified cuboidal Eccrine receive cholinergic fibers whereas apocrine are innervated by adrenergic nerve fibers. Eccrine open onto the skin surface whereas apocrine open into a lumen within the body Eccrine sweat glands utilize holocrine secretion whereas apocrine sweat glands utilize apocrine secretion Epidermolysis bullosa is a disease that causes hemidesmosomes to break down causing formation of blisters and sloughing of skin. Which of the following stains would allow pathologists to see the hemidesmosomes? Hematoxylin/Eosin Toluidine Blue Periodic Acid Schiff Osmium tetroxide Masson’s Trichrome Heavily glycosylated proteins would be expected to be released from which of the following? Holocrine Glands Apocrine Glands Mucosal Merocrine Glands Serous Merocrine Glands Sweat Glands A 13 year old boy in the 95th percentile for weight presents to your clinic limping and complaining of pain in his groin. Which of the following would you expect to see on his x-ray? Avascular necrosis of the femoral head Traumatic hip dislocation Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Fracture of the pubis Leg-Cath-Perth disease Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is avascular necrosis of the femoral head resulting from compromise of the blood supply to this area. Which of the following arteries would be affected? Obturator Artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery Medial circumflex femoral artery Profunda femoral artery Inferior gluteal artery Female sports players frequently laterally dislocate the patella. Which of the following is an explanation of why? The lateral groove is smaller than the medial groove so it is more likely to dislocate that direction Female hips are wider offset so they are more susceptible to a lateral dislocation Female patellas are much less tightly associated with the femur and tibia than their male counterparts The grooves of female patellas are not as large so they are more likely to dislocate in either direction than male patellas Male patellas have an extra lip on the groove that help to keep them in place than female patellas. While performing an anterior drawer test on one of your patients you note that excessive movement is present. On that same patient you observe that there is a normal amount of “give” in the posterior drawer test. Which of the following ligaments might you expect to be damaged? ACL PCL Medial Meniscus Lateral Meniscus Medial Collateral Ligament Which of the following could have caused the abnormality in the image below? Splenomegaly Paralysis of the left phrenic nerve Paralysis of the right phrenic nerve Paralysis of both phrenic nerves Pericardial effusion When attempting to do a thoracentesis in the 8th intercostal space, where will you anesthetize? Only the 8th intercostal space The 8th and the 9th intercostal space Only the 9th intercostal space The phrenic nerve/diaphragm interaction All 12 intercostal spaces Which of the following rib abnormalities would be the most problematic? Absence of the 12th Absence of the 11th Cervical Rib Lumbar Rib None of the above would cause any problem The first rib is atypical in that it can be described as the broad and sharpest of the 12 ribs. It also is noted to have grooves for both which of the following? First Intercostal Nerve & First Intercostal Artery First Subcostal Muscles & First Innermost Intercostal Muscles Subclavian Vein & Subclavian Artery Manubrium & Costoclavicular Cartilage Intercostal Vasculature & Collateral Vasculature Donald has bacterial bronchitis. This has caused an excess of non-serous fluid to build up in his lungs causing him tightness in his chest and a persistent productive cough. Which of the following categories can bronchitis be classified as? Hemothorax Hydrothorax Pyothorax Chylothorax Pneumothorax Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic function of the pulmonary plexus? Increasing airflow Decreasing blood flow to lungs Coughing when there is an irritation Sensing stretch to prevent overfilling of lungs Increased oral secretions After running a marathon, Mary was in tripod position heavily breathing. Which of the following is ensuring that she is not rupturing a lung by overfilling it? Vagus Nerve Cough Reflex Chemoreception Hering Breuer Reflex Nociception Which of the following would cause hilar lymphadenopathy? Breast cancer Tuberculosis Punctured lung Hemothorax Pneumothorax Walter is in the ER with chest pain from a possible myocardial infarction and claims that he has shooting pains down his left arm. Which of the following explain this? The electrical impulses of the heart are firing rapidly causing pain to shoot along the pathway taken from the left ventricle which goes down the left arm The vagus nerve in the superior mediastinum is sending signals to the abdominal viscera which is causing a viscerosomatic pain as it passes the dermatome of the left arm The phrenic nerves in the middle mediastinum is sending signals to the diaphragm which is causing a viscerosomatic pain as it passes the dermatome of the left arm The splanchnic nerves in the posterior mediastinum is sending signals to the abdomen which is causing a viscerosomatic pain as it passes the dermatome of the left arm The electrical impulses are causing the vessels of the arm to constrict and blood pressure to increase. This causes pain as the blood rushes through the now narrower blood vessels. A problem in the maturation of the pleuropericardial membrane is a defect that is not compatible with life. This is because the pleuropericardial membrane... Becomes the fibrous pericardium and without it, the heart would not stay in place Becomes the serous pericardium and without it, the heart would rub against the cavity wall Is involved in the formation of the divisions of the heart and without it, the heart would not be able to compartmentalize It is involved in the separation of heart from lungs and without it, neither one would be functioning It is involved in responsible for drainage of fluids around the heart and without it they would accumulate and have nowhere to go. While performing a pericardiocentesis in your very first clinical rotation the attending ask you what an alternative approach would be to the procedure, rather than entering “through the 5th or 6th intercostal space, proximal to the sternum”. You respond by telling him which of the following? Enter at the infrasternal angle and pass the needle inferoposteriorly Enter the needle at the suprasternal notch and pass the needle superoposteriorly Enter the needle from the intervertebral space of T1-T2 passing the needle inferoanteriorly Enter at the infrasternal angle and pass the needle superoposteriorly There is no alternative approach Which of the following structures would you expect to find in the anterior mediastinum? Esophagus Trachea Thymus Remnants All of the above Samuel presents to your clinic with a runny nose, sore throat, and cough. After running basic blood test you note that his eosinophil count is extremely elevated. What type of infection should be of primary concern? Bacterial Viral Parasitic Fungal Prion While on your pathology rotation you are asked to observe a particular leukocyte that is noted to lack granules. Which of the following cells could you potentially be viewing? Monocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte What type of granulocyte is known as the “first responders” concerning infection sites and is expected to dye “neutral pink” when exposed to H&E staining? Monocyte Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Lymphocyte A patient comes to your office after being exposed to poison ivy. Which of the following progenitor cells would you expect to be in excess in your patient? Megakaryocyte Erythrocyte Myeloblast Natural killer cell Plasma cell Natalie has megaloblastic anemia due to her vegan lifestyle and lack of red meat over the past five years. Which of the following would you expect her to be elevated due to it not being utilized? Thrombopoetin Erythropoietin Tumor Necrosis factor-alpha FMS-tyrosine kinase-like ligand 3 Transforming growth factor While playing with your new kitten, Dwight, he scratched you out of the blue for no reason, as kittens often do. Your hand starts bleeding. Which of the following parts of the body would you expect to ramp up its thrombopoietin production in response? Stromal cells of bone marrow Endothelial cells of bone marrow Helper-T cells Hepatic cells Macrophages As an embryo develops it goes through the following phases of fetal hemopoiesis: Hepatosplenothymic Medullolymphatic Pre-hepatic Medullary Which of the following has the phases in the correct chronological order? 4, 3, 2, 1 3, 1, 2, 4 3, 2, 1 ,4 3, 1, 4, 2 4, 1, 2, 3 In which structure would you find deoxygenated blood from the entire body? Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Coronary sinus Azygous vein Sinus of venarum After an acute myocardial infarction some patients will develop a murmur that they didn’t previously have. Which of the following is a potential reason as to why this is? The myocardial infarction caused papillary muscle dysfunction The blood now pumps through the heart at a slower rate The myocardial infarction created a hole in the interventricular septum The dead tissue of the heart slows down the blood through the valves The valves have become paralyzed and remain open. A baby is born with patent fossa ovalis meaning that their fossa ovalis did not fully fuse. What problems would you expect this child to have if left untreated? They would not be able to efficiently pump blood throughout their body They would not be able to efficiently pump blood to their lungs They would not be able to perfuse their tissues efficiently They would have a mitral murmur They would have a tricuspid murmur In which layer of the heart is the conduction system? Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Subendothelial connective tissue Subcardium The circumflex artery has an almost complete occlusion. Which of the following anastomoses ensures that the left atrium is still receiving adequate blood flow? Posterior Interventricular artery Anterior Interventricular artery Right coronary artery Left marginal artery Right marginal artery After running from a vicious chiwawa, which of the following is triggering your SA node to decrease your heart rate back to normal? Vagus nerve Neurons from the lateral horn of T1-T4 Preganglionic sympathetic fibers Left recurrent laryngeal nerve Cardiac plexus In the event of observing a bull charge towards you in a closed-off alleyway, you notice your heart rate has started to increase. Which of the following would you expect to be involved in signaling for this physiological event? The Vagus nerve The Accessory Nerve Preganglionic sympathetic fibers The Phrenic Nerve The Pelvic Splanchnic Which of the following is the most anterior? Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery Left subclavian artery Left brachiocephalic vein Thymus Which of the following is true regarding the thymus? It increases hormonal secretion at puberty It is located posterior to the great arteries of the heart It is located in the pericardium It is bilobar It is the place of maturation for B-cells Chris is a patient of yours that has recently suffered from an aneurysm is his ascending aorta. Which of the following anatomical factors makes it more likely for a patient to have such an event? Serous pericardium covers the entire heart Fibrous pericardium reinforcement is only found on the surfaces of the heart Fibrous pericardium reinforcement doesn’t begin until the start of the aortic arch The endothelial lining of the distal ascending aorta sustains a great deal of thrust during each phase of diastole While obtaining a history from a new patient of yours, you ask about any prior medical history. They state that they had an aortic coarctation 1 year earlier. What would be the most probable location of such pathology? At the start of the ascending aorta As the descending aorta bifurcates The likelihood of coarctation remains constant throughout the entire aorta The aortic root At the site of the ligamentum arteriosum Time is Up!
